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Rear Admiral Reginald Fairfax Nicholson (15 December 1852 – 19 December 1939) was an officer in the United States Navy. He fought in the American Civil War and Spanish–American War, was Commander-in-Chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet, and came out of retirement during World War I to serve as the first U.S. naval attaché to Ecuador and Peru. He retired as the last active-duty U.S. Navy officer to have served in the American Civil War.〔(Anonymous, "Admiral Nicholson Dies in Washington at 87: Last Naval Officer Surviving From the Civil War – Retired in 1914," ''Lewiston Daily Sun'', December 20, 1939, Page 6. )〕 == Naval career == Nicholson was born in Washington, D.C., on 15 December 1852, the son of U.S. Navy Commodore Somerville Nicholson (1822–1905) and the former Hannah Maria Jones (1837–1897).〔 His first U.S. Navy service came in 1864, when at the age of 12 he left school to enlist in the Navy as an orderly for his father, who was the commanding officer of the steamer , then operating as part of the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. While Nicholson was aboard ''State of Georgia'', the ship blockaded Wilmington, North Carolina, and fought engagements with Confederate fortifications guarding the city. After 30 days, Nicholson left the ship and returned to school.〔McCord, p. 24.〕〔(Anonymous, "Admiral Nicholson is to Retire at 62," ''The New York Times'', December 14, 1914. )〕 Five years later, Nicholson was appointed from the District of Columbia as a midshipman on 30 September 1869 and entered the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. He graduated on 31 May 1873 with the rank of midshipman.〔Hamersly, p. 225.〕〔(Naval History and Heritage Command: Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775–1900. )〕 Nicholsons first assignment was to the signals office in 1873. Promoted to ensign on 16 July 1874, he served aboard the sidewheel steam frigate in the North Atlantic Squadron from 1875 to 1877. He then had ordnance duty at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., from 1877 to 1878.〔〔 From 1878 to 1882, Nicholson was aboard the sloop-of-war , then serving as a training ship, and was promoted to master on 22 January 1880. He then performed duty at the United States Hydrographic Office from 1882 to 1885, being promoted while there to lieutenant, junior grade, on 3 March 1883. He returned to sea aboard the new steam sloop-of-war in the Pacific Squadron from 1885 to 1888, and was promoted to lieutenant on 17 January 1886. After leaving ''Mohican'', he reported to the Washington Navy Yard for another tour of ordnance duty in 1888.〔〔 Nicholson was assigned to the new monitor in February 1893, and to the steamer in January 1895. He returned to the Washington Navy Yard for a third tour there in December 1895.〔〔 In December 1897, Nicholson reported for duty aboard the battleship , and he served as her chief navigation officer during her spectacular voyage from the United States West Coast around Cape Horn to Cuba at the outset of the Spanish–American War in 1898. On 1 October 1898, he was assigned to the new torpedo boat , then fitting out. Promoted to lieutenant commander on 3 March 1899, he became the first commanding officer of the new torpedo boat on 1 April 1899, then took command of ''Farragut'' when she was commissioned on 5 June 1899.〔〔〔〔(''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'': ''Farragut'' I )〕〔(''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'': ''Rowan'' I )〕 He remained in command of ''Farragut'' until 1901.〔(Anonymous, "Reginald F. Nicholson," ''Amsterdam Democrat and Recorder'', December 15, 1909, p. 1. )〕 Nicholson next served in the Bureau of Navigation〔(Halford, A. J., ''Official Congressional Directory'', Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902, p. 232. )〕〔(''Chicago Daily News National Almanac For 1903'' )〕 and was promoted to commander on 17 September 1902.〔(''Congressional Record Index, Fifty-Seventh Congress, Second Session, From December 1, 1902 to December 20, 1902'', p. 122. )〕 In 1903 he was assigned to the new protected cruiser , then under construction at Union Iron Works in Mare Island, California, and became her first commanding officer when she was commissioned on 30 January 1904, remaining aboard her until December 1905.〔〔(''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'': ''Tacoma'' II )〕 He began another tour of duty in the Bureau of Navigation on 22 June 1906, remaining there into 1907.〔(United States Department of the Navy, ''List and Station of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States and of the Marine Corps On the Active List, and Officers on the Retired List Employed on Active Duty, July 1, 1906'', Government Printing Office: Washington, 1906, p. 9. )〕 He was promoted to captain on 1 July 1907.〔 Nicholson took command of the battleship in 1907 and commanded her during ''Nebraska''s participation in the 1907–1909 round-the-world cruise of the U.S. Navys Great White Fleet, which she joined in May 1908. After the conclusion of the voyage in 1909, President William Howard Taft appointed him on 1 December 1909 for a four-year tour as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation in Washington, D.C.〔〔(greatwhitefleet.info USS ''Nebraska'' Page )〕〔(''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'': ''Nebraska'' )〕〔(Anonymous, "Nicholson Will Go: Admiral to Accept Transfer to Pacific," ''Boston Evening Transcript'', December 11, 1911, p. 2. )〕 Nicholson was promoted to rear admiral on 19 May 1911.〔(fleetorganization.com Flag Officers, January 1, 1913 )〕 In mid-1911, he was chosen to end his tour at the Bureau of Navigation early and succeed Rear Admiral Joseph B. Murdock as commander-in-chief of the U.S. Asiatic Fleet as of November 1911, but United States Secretary of State Philander C. Knox requested that Murdock be kept on as fleet commander to allow continuity during unrest in China related to the Xinhai Revolution of that year. Meanwhile, United States Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer had already selected Nicholsons successor as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. President Taft explained the situation to Nicholson, who was dispatched to the Asiatic Fleet to command its Yangtze Patrol. In February 1912, with the Chinese crisis having abated, it was again proposed that Nicholson succeed Murdock, but Knox again asked that Murdock stay on as fleet commander-in-chief. On 20 July 1912, Nicholson finally received orders to take command of the fleet, and he relieved Murdock on 24 July 1912.〔〔(Anonymous, "Fleet For Nicholson: Rear Admiral At Last in Command of Asiatic Warships," ''The New York Times'', July 21, 1912. )〕 Relinquishing command of the Asiatic Fleet on 3 May 1914, Nicholson became a member of the General Board of the United States Navy until he retired from the Navy upon reaching the statutory retirement age of 62 on 15 December 1914. At the time, he was the last U.S. Navy officer on active duty to have seen service in the American Civil War.〔 When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Nicholson was recalled to active duty. He headed a naval mission to Chile and served as the first American naval attaché to Ecuador and Peru from 7 November 1917 to 25 November 1919 before returning to retirement.〔〔(ibiblio.org Niblack, A. P., Rear Admiral, ''The Office of Naval Intelligence: Its History and Aims'' )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reginald F. Nicholson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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